Of all the centuries in the history of the church, the fifteenth century is one of the most regrettable, in the popular imaginary it is a bridge between the medieval world and the world of the Reformation, and while this may be important for the trip. few people stop to admire a bridge.
We must avoid this perspective if we are to understand the transition from medieval times to the era of the Reformation. The 15th century was a time of destruction and exploitation. In Africa, did the rapid expansion of Islam bring the first pressure and then the destruction of the kingdoms of Nubia, an expression of Christianity that dates back to the expansion of faith in the Roman Empire from the second half of the 4th century. The local Christian faith probably dates back to the 4th century, if not before. It goes back to the expansion of the faith of the first century, and if this is true, it would make this branch of the Church the only precolonial expression of faith in Africa. However, centuries of Christian witness suffered heavy attacks with the expansion of the Arab Empire in the late Middle Ages, which lobbied the church and eventually caused the collapse of the kingdom of Nubia in late 1504 and the loss of our collective memory of this important African im branch of Christian heritage.
- In the 15th century.
- Columbus “sailed in the blue ocean.
- “Colombo was an Italian sailor who.
- For economic and spiritual reasons.
- Wanted to find a better path to the Far East.
- Colombo doesn’t think the world is flat.
- Those who had a good education knew from Aristotle.
- Ptolemy and the Venerable Beda that the world was spherical.
- What they did not know was the number of longitudinal stretches that would be needed to go from Europe to Asia.
- If someone entered the Atlantic.
- Make it quick.
- The scan would be worth it.
- Others lost money crossing the southern tip of Africa.
- Did this in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias.
- Who liked to refer to the extreme of Africa as the?Corporal do you storm? (Cabo das tormenta).
- Because there was little hope of navigating these seas without losing everything.
In the East lived a town that was still called?Roman, and who considered himself heir to the world that Constantine created in the 4th century, were the Byzantines, with their imperial headquarters in the city of Constantinople, the scourge of war was about to end their way of life.
In May 1453, the Ottoman armies sailed to the Bosphorus and surrounded the city, although the Byzantines believed they had a defensible position. The Theodosian walls surrounding the city were among the most impressive ever built, making a frontal attack almost impossible. The Byzantines had good reason to be optimistic. In an era of rampant wars and conquests, has the city of Constantinople fallen once in more than a millennium?And this was in the hands of Western Christians during the Fourth Crusade in 1203. The imperial city had never fallen to the infidels. The ships, however, brought with them a set of massive cannons that, according to an eyewitness, could fire a nearly 270 kilogram shot at the fortifications. After six weeks, the city fell to invasion, with Christianity in Asia Minor, where Christians became a persecuted minority. Hagia Sophia, one of the largest buildings in the history of the church, was converted into a mosque, while almost all the great intellectuals and clerics fled the city.
The 15th century was also a period of destruction and renewal for European kings and empires. During the first half of the century, the former enemies of France and England clashed in what we call the Hundred Years’ War. It’s a series of territorial disputes. England attacked France in most of these wars and, without the intervention of a disguised soldier who would have had supernatural visions of God’s plan for France, England could have taken more than half of the European continent. Arc appeared, even his French masters found his comic appearance, but his cause was desperate enough to send Jeanne to the front to see if he could strengthen the temperament of the soldiers. In 1429, he helped lift the siege of Orleans (the traditional seat of the French coronation) and overthrew the course of the war on behalf of the French. Her efforts were rewarded with betrayal when the Burgundians of southern France handed her over to the English to be burned like a witch.
In England, did the Wars of the Roses (1455-87) end when Henry VII defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth?With Richard, according to Shakespeare, shouting, “A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!”During the coup that killed Richard, Henrique gave birth to the Tudor dynasty, it was his son Henry VIII who argued with the Pope about his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon and who created the Anglican Church on his part. It was Henry VII’s granddaughter, Elizabeth I, who created the context for the struggle between conformists and Puritans within the Church of England.
In other words, Europe’s political and social structure, which seems so familiar in the world of the Reformation, was in many ways beginning to take shape just before the Reformation.
The same could be said of Europe’s intellectual structure. At the beginning of the century, Joo Huss’s reform movement led to the creation of a separate Czech church. Hus remained in the text of the scriptures to reject the theological changes of medieval Catholic. Church, although he was also stimulated by his love for his country to seek the independence of the Holy Roman Empire, the result was the formation of the Husita Church, a church that during the Reformation was synonymous with heresy, and with which Luther openly identified. himself in the Leipzig dispute in 1519, when he said: “Ja, ich bin Hussite?(? Yes, am I a spindle?). In 1415 Huss had been burned as a result of his reform, and the theological faculty of Leipzig had been formed as a result of the Prague professors who had fled the university and formed theirs in the city of Leipzig. The impact of the Hussite movement had barely diminished when Luther’s reform began.
However, Hus was not the only theologian who opposed the papal power or innovations of the medieval church. There was also the Renaissance, a critical inner part of the medieval church and a flourishing of new knowledge. New technology has helped humanists in their efforts. A German businessman named Johannes Gutenberg invented a new method of printing books, known today as a mobile press. He did not invent the printing press itself, but a method of moving letters around an array for each page, which reduced the cost of creating a book below a fraction of the cost of doing so. print one on previous prints. A Bible printed used to cost as much as a small house, but now it costs a week’s salary.
Sensing an opportunity to expand learning and literacy, the humanists unleashed a torrent of writings on theology, the Bible, classical studies, and history. Of all the humanists, Erasmus of Rotterdam was its prince. Born in 1466 as the illegitimate son of a priest, Erasmus demonstrated an ability with languages and textual criticism that propelled him onto the scene as the most important person in the new intellectual movement of the Renaissance. Throughout his life, Erasmus gave the world complete editions of the works of the Church Fathers, as well as numerous treatises on theological subjects. By far, was his most significant work the Greek New Testament? a work that admitted to having been recklessly gathered from 12th century Byzantine texts, with some passages mistakenly added to the Bible and six verses from Revelation completely absent. The Greek New Testament was something like a modern interlinear Bible. In one column was the Greek text; next to it was a new Latin translation of Erasmus. This not only provided readers with the original Greek, but also provided a roadmap for students, helping them determine how to translate Greek into their language. Therefore, it is not surprising that Luther used this text as the basis for his German New Testament, which he translated after his trial on the Diet of Worms.
Through destruction and exploitation, the 15th century did more than close the gap between the medieval and the modern; laid the groundwork for the Reformation.